Tenochtitlan (pronounced as ten-och-teet-lan) was the capital of the Aztec Empire, founded in 1325 on an island in Lake Texcoco, in present-day Mexico City. Tenochtitlan flourished with a population likely of over 200 000, making it one of the largest cities of its time. The city was a hub of commerce, culture, and politics in Mesoamerica, until it was conquered by the Spanish in 1521.

As a child, Bruce Wayne witnessed his billionaire parents’ murder in Gotham City, which deeply traumatized him and fueled his hatred of crime. As a young adult, Bruce Wayne traveled the world, learned many languages, and trained intensely in martial arts. After returning to Gotham City, Bruce Wayne adopted the ‘Batman’ alter-ego, using his training, technology that he invents, and wealth to fight crime. His arch nemesis is The Joker, an unpredictable villain who thrives on anarchy.

The year is now 1990. At the age of 25, Bruce Wayne is mysteriously teleported to Tenochtitlan to 1450 AD, wearing just a suit and a tie. The only way for Bruce Wayne to return to Gotham City is to acquire a living Samurai from Japan and a one-humped camel from North Africa, and travel with both of them to the South Pole. 

Bruce Wayne has 22 years to complete this journey, as he needs to be back in Gotham City by 2012 to defeat The Joker. Bruce Wayne has a priori knowledge that he needs to complete this journey. Crucially, time flows equally in both timelines: for every year Bruce spends in the past, his return to Gotham is delayed by an additional year in the present. If he returns after 2012, The Joker will have gained significant power, making him much harder to defeat.

There is a person strapped to a train track with a trolley barreling towards them. However, there is a lever that, if pulled, would divert the trolley onto a second track. 

Should the trolley be diverted, it will crash into a mystery box that has a 1% chance of making a random species disappear. There is a 99% chance that the box is empty. 

In stratified random sampling (SRS), the population is divided into strata (distinct subgroups) based on specific characteristics (e.g., age, income level, etc…). A random sample is then drawn from each stratum proportional to its size in the population. This resource-intensive approach ensures representation across all identified subgroups, increasing precision for those groups.

In cluster sampling, the population is divided into clusters, typically based on natural or geographical groupings (e.g, neighborhoods, school districts etc.). A random sample of clusters is elected, and then all individuals within those chosen clusters are surveyed. This method, while less resource-intensive than SRS, may be less precise if clusters vary significantly.

Statistics Canada, or StatsCan, is Canada’s national statistical office. It collects, analyzes, and publishes data on the country’s population, economy, society, and environment. StatsCan reports up-to-date data on topics like employment, health, housing, demographics, etc. StatsCan’s budget is set by the federal government, but it also generates revenue from its cost-recovery activities while working on projects for specific organizations.

Worker cooperatives are businesses which are collectively owned by workers. Each worker has an equal vote in major decisions, regardless of their role within the company. Profits from the company are distributed equally among workers, and workers in turn make decisions to manage business direction and policies. 

For the purposes of this debate, a ‘large company’ is a company that employs more than 50 people.

On Halloween night, under the light of a full moon, the barrier between the realm of the living and the realm of the dead is at its weakest, allowing spirits of the dead to enter the living world. At noon, on the following day, the spirits must return to the realm of the dead. 

During Halloween, in the status quo, spirits are able to walk among the living as ‘ghosts’. Ghosts can see, hear, and feel, but they cannot interact with the living world, and their existence is not perceived in any way by the living. By contrast, a ‘spirit medium’ is a person who can be possessed by a spirit.

During possession, the spirit can interact with the living world through the body of the spirit medium, and the spirit medium is not in control of their own body.

In Canada, immigration is regulated and administered by the federal government. The Department of Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) oversees the administration of immigration, refugee protection, and citizenship programs, while the Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA) is responsible for border control and immigration enforcement. Provinces have limited influence, and are only allowed to nominate a limited number of people to receive Permanent Residency (PR) through IRCC.   

Canada has recently announced a sharp cut in the number of immigrants it allows into the country in an effort to slow down the rapid population growth.As part of the changes, Canada will reduce the number of new permanent residents in 2025 - from a previous target of 500 000 to 395 000 - a 21% drop. The government also predicts that over a million people will be forced to leave Canada over the next few years as their visas and permits expire.   

RSA (Rivest–Shamir–Adleman) is a cornerstone of modern cryptography, enabling secure communication over the internet. This asymmetric algorithm relies on a pair of keys: a public key for encryption and a private key for decryption, offering a way for parties to communicate securely without sharing a secret key. 

In RSA, we have two large primes, p and q, a modulus N = pq, and an encryption exponent e and a decryption exponent d that satisfy: 

ed = 1 mod (p - 1)(q - 1)

The term GOAT (Greatest of All Time) refers to the best player in a sport’s history, known for achievements, influence, and lasting legacy. In basketball, the GOAT debate often centers between Michael Jordan and LeBron James. 

Michael Jordan redefined what it means to be an exceptional athlete, creating new avenues for athletes to be entrepreneurs, cultural icons, and influencers. Jordan set the standard for athlete branding, global reach, and the blending of sports and culture. He is widely deemed as responsible for curating a global following of basketball.

LeBron James is widely regarded as the best on-court player. Lebron’s influence is marked by his longevity, intelligence, playoff dominance, and physical ability. LeBron is one of the most well-rounded players in NBA history due to his versatility in all positions, all-time lead in scoring, and smart playmaking.